Skip to main content

Table 2 Life time incidence of health conditions among autistic and non-autistic individuals, stratified by sex

From: Autistic adults have poorer quality healthcare and worse health based on self-report data

 

Unadjusted model

Adjusted modela

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Sig

Assigned female at birth

Arthritis

1.883 (1.489, 2.385)

4.78 × 10–8

1.864 (1.452, 2.392)

1.09 × 10–6

***

Breathing concern

1.617 (1.269, 2.065)

6.31 × 10–5

1.570 (1.228, 2.007)

3.3 × 10–4

*

Deafness

1.745 (1.110, 2.776)

0.013

1.850 (1.175, 2.913)

7.90 × 10–3

 

Diabetes

1.556 (0.918, 2.670)

0.102

1.690 (0.997, 2.863)

0.051

 

High blood pressure

1.098 (0.765, 1.577)

0.598

1.166 (0.804, 1.690)

0.418

 

Intellectual disability

3.940 (1.744, 10.035)

3.33 × 10–4

3.323 (1.464, 7.541)

4.11 × 10–3

 

Kidney/liver condition

1.522 (0.808, 2.920)

0.180

1.793 (0.961, 3.347)

0.067

 

Neurological condition

2.269 (1.514, 3.449)

2.82 × 10–5

2.350 (1.564, 3.533)

4.11 × 10–5

**

Anorexia

4.238 (2.767, 6.665)

1.29 × 10–13

4.328 (2.805, 6.677)

4.65 × 10–11

***

Anxiety

4.289 (3.480, 5.296)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

4.298 (3.454, 5.348)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

***

ADHD

3.352 (2.346, 4.858)

7.00 × 10–13

3.987 (2.746, 5.789)

5.36 × 10–13

***

Binge eating disorder

1.391 (0.859, 2.270)

0.165

1.365 (0.847, 2.200)

0.201

 

Bipolar disorder

2.641 (1.579, 4.549)

6.84 × 10–5

2.714 (1.612, 4.570)

1.77 × 10–4

*

Depression

4.097 (3.325, 5.057)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

3.887 (3.142, 4.809)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

***

Insomnia

2.667 (2.044, 3.496)

3.21 × 10–14

2.997 (2.271, 3.955)

1.42 × 10–14

***

Obsessive compulsive disorder

4.552 (3.035, 6.992)

2.56 × 10–16

4.349 (2.869, 6.592)

5.91 × 10–12

***

Panic disorder

2.796 (1.973, 4.008)

8.03 × 10–10

3.213 (2.236, 4.618)

3.52 × 10–10

***

Personality disorder

5.564 (3.509, 9.148)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

5.363 (3.358, 8.564)

2.85 × 10–12

***

PTSD

3.232 (2.413, 4.360)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

3.608 (2.664, 4.888)

2.22 × 10–16

***

Postnatal depression

1.605 (1.077, 2.411)

0.016

1.517 (1.017, 2.263)

0.041

 

Schizophrenia

4.313 (1.561, 14.778)

1.89 × 10–3

5.162 (1.865, 14.288)

1.60 × 10–3

 

SAD

2.741 (1.693, 4.556)

1.10 × 10–5

2.809 (1.728, 4.565)

3.18 × 10–5

**

Self-Harm

4.234 (3.220, 5.608)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

4.405 (3.297, 5.887)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

***

Assigned male at birth

Arthritis

1.833 (1.306, 2.583)

2.95 × 10–4

1.451 (1.015, 2.075)

0.041

 

Blindness

0.644 (0.302, 1.325)

0.241

0.705 (0.336, 1.478)

0.354

 

Breathing concern

1.678 (1.221, 2.314)

1.08 × 10–3

1.613 (1.161, 2.241)

4.40 × 10–3

 

Deafness

1.886 (1.152, 3.135)

9.80 × 10–3

1.542 (0.934, 2.545)

0.090

 

Diabetes

2.187 (1.205, 4.091)

8.32 × 10–3

1.949 (1.059, 3.587)

0.032

 

Heart condition

1.961 (1.219, 3.199)

3.42 × 10–3

1.944 (1.185, 3.192)

8.60 × 10–3

 

High blood pressure

1.380 (0.995, 1.916)

0.046

1.125 (0.780, 1.623)

0.529

 

Intellectual disability

3.617 (1.710, 8.347)

2.13 × 10–4

2.337 (1.064, 5.133)

0.034

 

Kidney/liver condition

1.133 (0.585, 2.198)

0.756

1.276 (0.660, 2.466)

0.468

 

Neurological condition

2.536 (1.349, 4.968)

2.43 × 10–3

2.670 (1.397, 5.102)

2.99 × 10–3

 

Stroke

1.732 (0.495, 6.780)

0.408

2.010 (0.585, 6.904)

0.267

 

Anorexia

1.291 (0.326, 5.386)

0.767

1.142 (0.317, 4.117)

0.839

 

Anxiety

4.000 (3.008, 5.340)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

4.042 (2.992, 5.459)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

***

ADHD

3.227 (1.986, 5.383)

2.80 × 10–7

6.276 (3.645, 10.805)

5.48 × 10–11

***

Binge eating disorder

3.057 (1.030, 10.935)

0.035

3.345 (1.108, 10.099)

0.032

 

Depression

3.318 (2.519, 4.384)

 < 2.22 × 10–16

3.224 (2.411, 4.311)

7.11 × 10–15

***

Insomnia

2.903 (1.940, 4.407)

3.45 × 10–8

3.336 (2.184, 5.097)

3.17 × 10–8

***

Obsessive compulsive disorder

11.480 (4.892, 32.950)

3.67 × 10–13

16.834 (6.799, 41.679)

1.44 × 10–9

***

Panic disorder

2.824 (1.617, 5.103)

8.72 × 10–5

3.148 (1.771, 5.598)

9.87 × 10–5

***

Personality disorder

2.948 (1.409, 6.620)

1.90 × 10–3

3.221 (1.493, 6.947)

2.90 × 10–3

 

PTSD

3.964 (2.231, 7.389)

1.90 × 10–7

4.991 (2.726, 9.137)

2.23 × 10–7

***

Self-harm

3.295 (1.858, 6.091)

8.60 × 10–6

3.855 (2.107, 7.053)

1.30 × 10−5

***

  1. OR odds ratio, 95% CI 95% confidence interval, Sig. significance level, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, SAD seasonal affective disorder, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder
  2. aBinomial Logistic Regression adjusting for age, ethnicity, education, and country of residence
  3. P-value: < .001 = * ; < .0001 = ** ; < .00001 = ***
Back to article page

Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392