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Table 2 Results from within-pair linear regression analyses with perinatal and postnatal risk factors as main predictors of trait Neurodevelopmental conditions

From: Nonshared environmental factors in the aetiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions: a monozygotic co-twin control study

 

ASD traitsa

b (95% CI), p-value, Z-score

ADHD traitsb

b (95% CI), p-value, Z-score

IQc

b (95% CI), p-value, Z-score

Perinatal risk load

8.30 (3.92, 12.67), 0.0002*, 3.72

0.10 (− 0.01, 0.22), 0.083, 1.73

− 1.43 (− 3.29, 0.43), 0.131, − 1.51

Birth weight ≤ 2000 g

8.46 (− 6.53, 23.44), 0.269, 1.11

0.22 (− 0.11, 0.55), 0.198, 1.29

− 1.55 (− 9.44, 6.35), 0.701, − 0.38

Birth weight discordance ≥ 18%

13.89 (4.22, 23.57), 0.005, 2.81

0.41 (0.16, 0.66), 0.001*, 3.26

− 3.44 (− 8.69, 1.81), 0.199, − 1.29

Convulsions

18.00 (− 3.36, 39.36), 0.099, 1.65

0.05 (− 1.16, 1.25), 0.940, 0.08

− 9.60 (− 24.11, 4.91), 0.195, − 1.30

Oxygen therapy

11.47 (− 4.88, 28.81), 0.169, 1.38

0.13 (− 0.16, 0.42), 0.379, 0.88

− 1.43 (− 6.58, 3.72), 0.587, − 0.54

Light treatment

− 1.23 (− 8.16, 5.70), 0.728, − 0.35

− 0.18 (− 0.54, 0.19), 0.352, − 0.93

− 3.33 (− 9.47, 2.80), 0.287, − 1.07

Breech position

10.20 (− 3.24, 23.64), 0.137, 1.49

0.10 (− 0.22, 0.41), 0.552, 0.59

1.27 (− 3.95, 6.49), 0.633, 0.48

Medication

21.25 (8.29, 34.12), 0.001*, 3.21

− 0.29 (− 0.63, 0.50), 0.095, − 1.67

− 1.75 (− 9.07, 5.67), 0.639, − 0.47

Postnatal risk load

9.48 (3.23, 15.66), 0.0029*, 2.98

0.08 (− 0.11, 0.27), 0.399, 0.84

− 2.97 (− 5.67, − 0.28), 0.031, − 2.16

Measles

–

–

–

Jaundice

6.54 (− 5.70, 18.79), 0.295, 1.05

− 0.10 (− 0.60, 0.40), 0.700, − 0.39

− 6.73 (− 11.97, − 1.48), 0.012, − 2.52

Mumps

− 33.50 (− 70.40, 3.40), 0.075, − 1.78

− 0.21 (− 1.22, 0.80), 0.683, − 0.41

− 11.00 (− 24.93, 2.92), 0.121, − 1.55

Scarlet fever

3.25 (− 9.46, 15.96), 0.616, 0.50

− 0.14 (− 0.82, 0.54), 0.688, − 0.40

− 5.25 (− 6.70, − 3.79), < 0.0001*, − 7.01

Asthma

− 7.38 (− 24.75, 10.00), 0.406, − 0.83

0.15 (− 0.24, 0.53), 0.455, 0.75

3.12 (− 4.22, 10.46), 0.405, 0.83

Frequent ear infections

12.83 (0.67, 24.99), 0.039, 2.07

0.02 (− 0.31, 0.35), 0.900, 0.13

2.17 (− 8.90, 4.57), 0.528, − 0.63

Head injury

14.84 (0.16, 29.53) 0.048, 1.98

0.24 (0.01, 0.47), 0.387, 2.07

− 3.21 (− 8.43, 2.01), 0.228, − 1.21

Convulsions

32.00 (9.29, 54.71), 0.006, 2.76

− 0.00 (− 0.92, 0.92), 1.000, − 0.00

− 8.33 (− 22.54, 5.87), 0.250, − 1.15

Heart disease

31.60 (− 1.00, 64.20), 0.057, 1.90

0.14 (− 0.15, 0.42), 0.350, 0.93

− 5.50 (− 13.17, 2.17), 0.160, 1.41

  1. – Too few discordant pairs for calculating estimates
  2. The results were obtained from separate models
  3. Bold indicate p < 0.05 uncorrected
  4. *Significant result after correcting for multiple comparisons using Benjamini–Hochberg procedure with false discovery rate (FDR) set at 5%
  5. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD = autism spectrum disorder, CI = confidence Interval
  6. aMeasured with Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2)
  7. bMeasured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) or the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL)
  8. cMeasured with Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children or Adults-IV (WISC-IV/WAIS-IV)
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Molecular Autism

ISSN: 2040-2392