Fig. 3

Specific improvement of ultrasonic vocalizations after intranasal administration of MSC-exo. a visualization of the experimental set, right panel: male and female mice in courtship meeting. Left panel: real-time spectrogram of ultrasonic vocalizations. b Example of differences in spectrogram of C57BL, saline-treated, and MSC-exo-treated mice suggests that MSC-exo-treated mice improved in complexity of syllables. c BTBR MSC-exo had more syllables of ultrasonic vocalizations compared to saline BTBR, yet less syllables than C57BL mice. d and e Automatic classification of syllables showed significant reduction in the use of simple syllables by BTBR MSC-exo and C57BL saline compared to BTBR saline. Classification also showed increased use in complex and down syllables by BTBR MSC-exo and C57BL saline compared to BTBR saline. f There was not a significant difference between the groups in social contact (nose to nose and nose to genitals), indicating a specific effect on ultrasonic vocalizations. (ANOVA1, Bonferroni). Data is presented as mean + SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001