Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Sun, Xiang; Allison, Carrie; Matthews, Fiona E; Sharp, Stephen J; Auyeung, Bonnie; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Brayne, Carol

doi:10.1186/2040-2392-4-7

Molecular Autism

Table 1 Summary of prevalence studies of autism spectrum conditions in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan (25 studies)

From: Prevalence of autism in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Year	First author	Region	Sample size	Area	Age (years)	Sample screened	Screen methods	Screen tools	Cut-off	Response rate (%)	P/R	Diagnostic tools	Diagnostic criteria	Childhood autism	ASC prevalence/SE (per 10,000)
														prevalence/SE (per 10,000)
1987	Tao [37]	Mainland	457,200	Urban	3 to 8	C	R	-	-	-	R	-	Rutter	0.32 (0.08)	-
2000	Luo [38]	Mainland	10,802	Mixed	2 to 14	SG	QI	ABC	31	100	P	-	CCMD-2-R, DSM-III-R	2.8 (1.60)	-
2002	Wang [39]	Mainland	3.978	Urban	2 to 6	K	QI	CABS	7	98.3	P	CARS	CCMD-2-R	17.9 (6.70)	-
2002	Ren [40]	Mainland	3,559	Urban	3 to 5	SG	QI	CABS	14	99.1	P	-	-	250 (2.31)	-
2003	Wang [41]	Mainland	7,488	Mixed	2 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	7	98.08	P	CARS	CCMD-2-R	12.3 (4.05)	-
2003	Chang [42]	Taiwan	660	Mixed	15 to 93	C	C	ASDASQ	5	100	P	-	DSM-IV	-	60.0 (30.06)
2004	Guo [43]	Mainland	5,000	Urban	0 to 6	WP	QI	CABS	7	99.1	P	CARS	CCMD-2-R	10 (4.47)	-
2004	Guo [44]	Mainland	3,776	Rural	2 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	7	100	P	CARS	DSM-IV	8 (4.59)	-
2005	Zhang [45]	Mainland	7,416	Urban	2 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	7	99	P	CARS	DSM-IV	11.0 (3.85)	-
2005	Zhang [46]	Mainland	1,305	Urban	3 to 7	K	QI	CABS	14	100	P	-	-	19.9 (2.47)	-
2005	Liu [47]	Mainland	21,866	Mixed	2 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	7	100	P	CARS	DSM-IV	13.4 (2.47)	15.3 (2.64)
2007	Yang [48]	Mainland	10,412	Urban	3 to 12	PS	QI	ABC	31	100	P	-	DSM-IV	5.6 (2.32)	-
2007	Wong [49]	Hong Kong	4,247,206	Mixed	0 to 14	HS	R	-	-	-	R	CARS, ADI-R	DSM-IV	-	16.1 (0.19)
2008	Zhang [36]	Mainland	8,681	Urban	2 to 3	SG	QI	CHAT	-	100	P	CARS	DSM-IV	16.1 (4.3)	-
2008	Zhang [36]	Mainland	12,430	Urban	4 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	14	100	P	CARS	DSM-IV	8.85 (2.7)	-
2009	Zhang [50]	Mainland	5,000	Urban	0 to 6	SG	QI	CABS	7	99.98	P	CARS	CCMD-2-R	10.0 (4.47)	-
2009	Wang [51]	Mainland	4,156	Urban	2 to 6	K	QI	CABS	14	100	P	-	-	19.5 (6.84)	-
2010	Li [52]	Mainland	8,006	Mixed	1.5 to 3	SG	QI	CHAT	-	92.99	P	CARS	DSM-IV	26.2 (5.71)	-
2010	Wu [53]	Mainland	8,532	Urban	0 to 3	SG	QI	CHAT	-	100	P	CARS	DSM-IV	8.2 (3.10)	-
2010	Yu [54]	Mainland	7,059	Mixed	2 to 6	SG	Q	CABS	7	89.7	P	-	DSM-IV	21.2 (5.47)	22.7 (5.66)
2010	Chen [55]	Mainland	7,034	Mixed	2 to 6	SG	Q	CABS	7	98.78	P	CARS	DSM-IV	14.2 (4.49)	24.2 (5.86)
2011	Wang [56]	Mainland	7,500	Urban	2 to 6	K	QI	CABS	14	87.8	P	-	DSM-IV	29.5 (6.26)	75.4 (9.99)
2011	Liang [57]	Mainland	2,485	Urban	3 to 6	K	QI	CABS	14	100	P	-	DSM-IV, ICD-10	14.1 (7.53)	-
2011	Li [58]	Mainland	616,940	Mixed	0 to 17	SG	QI	ABC	-	-	P	-	ICD-10	2.38 (0.20)	-
2011	Chien [59]	Taiwan	372,642	Mixed	0 to 17	HS	R	-	-	-	R	-	ICD-9	-	28.7 (0.88)

Sample screened: C, clinical patients; HS, population in health system; K, kindergartens; PS, primary schools; SG, stratified general population; WP, whole population. Screen methods: C, clinical referral; Q, questionnaire distribution; QI, questionnaire-based interview; R, records. Screen tools: ABC, Autism Behavior Checklist; ASDASQ, Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults Screening Questionnaire; CABS, Clancy Autism Behavior Scale; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; CHAT, Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. P, Perspective; R, Retrospective. Diagnostic criteria: ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; CCMD-2-R,Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, 2nd edition, revised; DSM-III-R, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision.ASC, autism spectrum conditions; SE,: Standard error; -, data not available.

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ISSN: 2040-2392

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